Method and apparatus for providing and calibrating a multiport network analyzer

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for converting a two-port vector network analyzer to an N-port vector network analyzer and for calibrating the N-port vector network analyzer includes a test set having a first port coupled to a first port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a second port coupled to a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer and N-ports. The test set includes a circuit that selectively couples one of the N-ports of the test set to the second port of the test set. The apparatus also includes a multi-state transfer standard having N-ports coupled, respectively, to the N-ports of the test set. The multi-state transfer standard provides, at each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, a plurality of conditions necessary to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer.

This application is a continuation-in-part application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of application Ser. No. 08/156,277, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,021 filed on Nov. 22, 1993, entitled "ELECTRONIC CALIBRATION METHOD AND APPARATUS" which is a continuation in part under 35 U.S.C. §120 of application Ser. No. 08/066,534, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,4511 filed on May 24, 1993 entitled "Electronic Microwave Calibration Device".

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a plurality of conditions for calibrating a network analyzer. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for converting a two-port network analyzer into a multi-port analyzer and for calibrating the multi-port network analyzer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Measurement errors in any vector network analyzer (VNA) contribute to the uncertainty of the device being measured by the VNA. By quantifying these errors, their effects can be drastically reduced.

Measurement errors in network analysis can be separated into two categories: random errors and systematic errors. Random errors are non-repeatable measurement variations due to physical change (e.g. noise and temperature changes) and, therefore, are usually unpredictable. Systematic errors are repeatable measurement variations in the test setup itself (e.g. directivity, source match, and the like).

In most measurements made on "devices under test" (DUT) with a VNA, the systematic errors are the most significant source of measurement uncertainty. Therefore, it is desirable to remove these errors from the VNA measurements. This is achieved through a VNA calibration.

It is known in the prior art to connect a number of well-known physical standards (known as mechanical primary standards) to each of the two ports of the VNA for the purpose of calibration. Electrical characteristics of the mechanical primary standards are derived from known physical properties of the standards (e.g. physical dimension, conductor material, and the like). The systematic errors of the VNA can be determined by computing the difference between the VNA measured response of the mechanical primary standards and the known electrical characteristics of the mechanical primary standards.

However, before measuring the DUT, the performance of the calibration should be checked for its accuracy. It is, therefore, also common in the prior art to check the calibration accuracy by connecting another primary standard (a verification standard), which is different than that of the calibration standard, to the VNA. If the calibration of the VNA is performed properly, the measurement of the verification standard closely matches the known electrical characteristics of the verification standard. However, if the measurement of the verification standard does not comply with the known electrical characteristics of the verification standard, then the operator knows that the calibration was not performed properly, or that the VNA is not functioning properly.

Upon completion of verification of the VNA calibration, the operator can then connect the uncharacterized DUT to the VNA for measurement. The systematic error of the measurement system can then be removed mathematically from the measurement of the DUT.

A two-port DUT to be measured can have any of three possible configurations of connectors at its two ports. An "insertable" device has two connectors which are from the same connector family and of opposite sex, one connector being male and the other connector being female. An insertable two-port DUT is configured such that the calibration may be performed by connecting the two ports of a VNA together with the aid of a cable to establish a through-connection, during calibration, and without having to change the configuration of the measurement setup for the actual measurement of the DUT.

In contrast, a reversible DUT to be measured is characterized by two connectors of the same family but also of the same sex (either both male or both female). A reversible DUT is not "insertable" (e.g. "non-insertable") because the two ports of the VNA cannot be connected together to establish a through-connection during calibration without a first adapter. However, disadvantage of this setup is that the adapter becomes part of the calibration measurement. Therefore, it is common practice to calibrate the VNA with the first adapter, which is equal in electrical characteristics to a second adapter, then to switch the first adapter with the second adapter, and then perform the actual DUT measurement. This technique is used in order to try and reduce the measurement uncertainty. However, if the adapters are not equal in insertion loss, amplitude and phase match, and electrical length, then there is an added error in the calibration. Thus, any characteristic variations between these adapters causes added uncertainty in the measurement of the DUT. Alternatively, there is a second non-insertable calibration technique known in the art as "adapter-removal", which provides better calibration accuracy than the "adapter-swap" method described above, and which is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 and described below.

A second category of a "non-insertable" DUT comprises a transitional device which has two connectors that are of different families (e.g. one connector being coaxial and the other being waveguide). Similar to the reversible DUT, the disadvantage to measurements made on a transitional DUT is that the DUT cannot be inserted into the measurement system using the identical configuration which was used to calibrate the measurement system.

As discussed above, it is common to use a calibration kit including a set of three mechanical primary standards of an appropriate connector family and sex to determine the error coefficients of a predetermined error model of a VNA. These primary standards usually consist of a short circuit connector, a shielded open circuit connector and either a fixed or sliding matched load termination. The fixed and sliding loads are generally mechanical transfer standards. A calibration kit also usually includes several phase-matched adapters for use in the non-insertable DUT "adapter-swap" calibration method as discussed above.

Full two-port calibration using a twelve-term error correction model to determine the systematic errors of a VNA is one of the most comprehensive calibration procedures. In order to determine all twelve terms of the error correction model for an insertable DUT, to be measured, each of the three primary measurement standards of the appropriate sex must be connected to the appropriate VNA port and measured. In addition, the two measurement ports of the VNA must be connected together via the use of a "through" connection.

The calibration setup and required connections to the primary standards for an insertable device are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Thus, an insertable device requires a minimum of six one-port (short, open, load) calibration standards 100, 102, 104, 106, 108 and 110 to be connected in succession to the VNA 112 ports 114 and 116, respectively, (three for each port) and measured, and one through-connection (FIG. 1B) in order to determine the twelve terms of the error correction model.

Alternatively, a non-insertable device requires that an adapter 144, which has the same connector types and sex at each of its ports as the DUT to be measured, and the primary standards be connected to the VNA ports as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Thus, the technique requires a minimum of twelve primary standards 120, 122, 124, 126, 128 and 130 (FIG. 2A) and 132, 134, 136, 138, 140 and 142 (FIG. 3A) be connected to the VNA ports 114 and 116 and measured. Furthermore, two through-connections must be established (FIGS. 2B and 3B) in order to perform a full two-port calibration. Thus, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, this technique requires that the adapter 144 be alternatively connected to each port 114 and 116 of the VNA 112 and a full two-port calibration be performed with the appropriate primary standards. Two calibration sets are then generated and used with the known electrical length of the adapter to compute actual S parameters of the adapter, which is, in turn, used to create a calibration set without the adapter (as if PORT 1 and PORT 2 of the VNA had been actually connected together). Thus, a non-insertable full two-port calibration requires a minimum of twelve primary standard connections and measurements and two through-connections and measurements. However, it is possible to make the two through-connections shown in FIGS. 2B and 3B in succession, thereby reducing the number of through-connections to one.

In addition, for a better accuracy calibration, a sliding termination is typically used instead of a matched load termination. A disadvantage of the sliding termination is that a measurement should be performed for at least three slide positions in order to obtain reliable measurements. Further, it is common in practice to use five slide positions for the matched load measurement at each port thereby resulting in a total of ten matched load position measurements. Thus, for an insertable DUT broadband calibration, a minimum of eighteen measurements and seven connections is standard; and for a non-insertable calibration a minimum of thirty-six measurements and thirteen connections is standard.

A disadvantage of the above-described calibration procedures is that each calibration standard must be connected and measured one at a time. This procedure involves connecting the standard to the VNA port using the appropriate hardware to ensure proper connection and once proper connection is ensured, pressing the appropriate hardware key on the VNA to make the appropriate measurement. In addition, once the measurement has been made, the standard must be disconnected and another standard must be connected using the same procedure. As discussed above, this procedure is repeated for a minimum of seven connections and eighteen measurements with a broadband insertable DUT and a minimum of thirteen connections and thirty-six measurements to measure a broadband non-insertable DUT. Further the electrical length of the adapter must be known in order to use the "adapter-removal" method, or equally matched adapters must be used in order to use the "adapter-swap" method.

As a further disadvantage, a non-trained operator may confuse the standards (which are often confusingly similar in appearance) and operate the wrong hardware key on the VNA, measuring the wrong calibration standard. If the mistake is discovered at the end of the calibration, then the entire calibration must be repeated. Alternatively, if the calibration is not verified by the operator, via the use of a verification standard, after the full two-port calibration, the operator typically does not know that the calibration is flawed and that the DUT measurements are incorrect.

Additionally, the constant connections and disconnections of the calibration standards required by the calibration procedure results in connector and port cable wear and, therefore, non-repeatability in the calibration standard measurements. This non-repeatability in measurements contributes an additional error term to the calibration measurement which cannot be corrected.

Still another disadvantage of the prior art method of calibration is that the manual calibration procedure tends to be cumbersome and slow. Thus, a significant portion of valuable testing time is spent each day calibrating the VNA. If the calibration is not done correctly, then the operator must start over. In addition, the cumbersome calibration is compounded by the fact that the VNA should be recalibrated, depending upon the application, at least once each day in order to ensure appropriate measurement accuracy.

It is a further disadvantage of the VNA 112 that only one-port and two-port DUTs can be measured directly with the VNA 112. In other words, if the DUT has more than two-ports, the device cannot be completely connected to the VNA 112 at each of its ports. In contrast, as is known in the art, it is customary to terminate all of the ports of the multi-port DUT, which are not connected directly to the VNA 112, and to characterize the ports that are connected to the VNA 112. This procedure is then repeated for each of the ports of the DUT until the device is completely characterized.

More specifically, referring to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a measurement of a three-port DUT 115. Referring to FIG. 4a), in a first arrangement the first port of the VNA 112 is connected to a first port 117 of the DUT 115 at reference plane 114. The second port of the VNA 112 is connected to a second port 119 of the DUT 115 at the reference plane 116. A third port 121 of the DUT 115 is then terminated in a matched load 302. The S-parameters of the DUT 115 can then be measured between the first port 117 and the second port 119 of the DUT 115. A disadvantage of this configuration and procedure is that the termination 302 is not accounted for as part of the twelve-term error correction coefficients for the VNA 112 at the reference planes 114 and 116. Therefore, an accuracy of the measurement is a function of the quality of the matched load 302 placed on the third-port 121 of the DUT.

Referring now to FIG. 4b), a second configuration and step for characterizing the three-port DUT 115 will now be described. As discussed above in FIG. 4a), the first port of the VNA 112 is connected to the first port 117 of the DUT 115. However, the second port of the VNA is now connected to the third port 121 of the DUT 115. In addition, the second port 119 of the DUT 115 is terminated in the matched load 302. The S-parameters of the DUT 115 are then measured between the first port 117 and the third port 121 of the DUT 115 at reference planes 114 and 116, respectively.

Referring now to FIG. 4c), a third configuration and step for characterizing the DUT 115 will now be described. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 4a), the second port of the VNA 112 is connected to the second port 119 of the DUT 115. However, the first port 117 of the DUT 115 is now terminated in the matched load 302. Further, the third port 121 of the DUT 115 is now connected to the first port of the VNA 112. The S-parameters of the DUT 115 are then measured between the third port 121 and the second port 119 of the DUT 115 at the reference planes 114 and 116, respectively.

A disadvantage to the two-port VNA 112 of the prior art is that for an N-port device, N two-port measurements must be made of the N-Port DUT for N-different configurations. Further, as discussed above, the accuracy of the N two-port S-parameter measurements is a function of the quality of the matched load 302. Thus, measurement of an N-port DUT, with a conventional two-port VNA, tends to be cumbersome and can be flawed with inaccuracies.

An additional disadvantage to the configuration and method shown in FIG. 4 is that the reflection coefficient measurements S₁₁, S₂₂ and S₃₃ are performed more than once during the measurement of the DUT 115. Thus, time and energy is wasted. Further, a problem exists in that a decision must then be made as to which of the repeated measurements of S₁₁, S₂₂ and S₃₃ are more accurate and therefore to be chosen as the correct characterization of the DUT 115. As discussed above, these measurements of S₁₁, S₂₂ and S₃₃ need not be identical since the matched termination 302 is not accounted for as part of the twelve-term error correction coefficients of the VNA 112. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for converting a two-port VNA into a multi-port VNA and for calibrating the multi-port VNA.

It is further an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for calibrating a multi-port VNA which requires, at most, a single connection of the apparatus to any port of the VNA. It is a further object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus that essentially eliminates any errors resulting from connecting and disconnecting mechanical calibration standards or wrong calibration standards to the VNA, and which allows easy calibration of the VNA, while reducing the time required to perform the calibration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for providing a programmable broadband, highly stable and repeatable multistate electronic transfer standard to be used in determining the systematic errors of a VNA.

In a first illustrative embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for converting a two-port vector network analyzer to an N-port vector network analyzer and for calibrating the N-port vector network analyzer includes a test set having a first port coupled to a first port of the two port vector network analyzer, a second port coupled to a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer, and N-ports. The test set includes a circuit that selectively couples one of the N-ports of the test set to the second port of the test set. The apparatus also includes a multi-state transfer standard having N-ports coupled, respectively, to the N-ports of the test set. The multi-state transfer standard provides, at each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, a plurality of conditions necessary to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer.

With this arrangement, a two-port vector network analyzer can be converted to an N-port vector network analyzer. In addition, with this arrangement, the N-port vector network analyzer can be completely calibrated with a single connection of each the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard to a corresponding one of the N-ports of the test set.

In another illustrative embodiment of the present invention, a method for converting a two-port vector network analyzer to an N-port vector network analyzer and for calibrating the N-port vector network analyzer, wherein a first port of the two-port vector network analyzer is coupled to a first port of a test set and a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer is coupled to a second port of the test set and wherein the test set includes a circuit that selectively couples one of N-ports to the second port of the test set, includes interfacing the N-ports of the test set with a multi-state transfer standard having N-ports and generating a plurality of conditions to each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer at a plurality of reference planes. The plurality of conditions being generated free of connecting or disconnecting additional calibration standards to any of the N-ports of the test set. The method further includes measuring, with the two-port network analyzer, the plurality of conditions and deriving calibration coefficients of the VNA based on the measurements of the plurality of generated conditions. Further, the method includes providing a plurality of reflection coefficients to at least one of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard and measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the plurality of reflection coefficients at a first port of the multi-state transfer standard. In addition, the method includes providing a single reflection coefficient to another one of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard and measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the single reflection coefficient at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard. Further, the method includes translating the plurality of reflection coefficients and the single reflection coefficient from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to the one of the N-ports and the another one of the N-ports, respectively, of the multi-state transfer standard.

With this method, a two-port vector network analyzer can be converted to an N-port vector network analyzer. In addition, with this method, the N-port vector network analyzer can be completely calibrated with a single connection of each the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard to a corresponding one of the N-ports of the test set.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more clear with reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments as illustrated by the drawings in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic diagrams showing a calibration of a vector network analyzer for insertable devices to be measured according to a prior art method;

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A and 3B are schematic diagrams illustrating the calibration of a vector network analyzer for non-insertable devices to be measured using an "adapter-removal" technique on each of the two ports of the VNA according to the prior art method;

FIG. 4a)-4c) are block diagrams illustrating the measurement of a N-port DUT with a two-port VNA, as is known in the art;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a calibration system according to this invention;

FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic diagram of an embodiment of a microwave portion of a multistate electronic transfer standard according to this invention;

FIG. 7 is a detailed schematic diagram of a digital control circuit for operating the multistate electronic transfer standard circuit of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a flow-diagram of a two-port, twelve-term, error correction model for use with the multistate electronic transfer standard according to this invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating connections to the multistate electronic transfer standard, wherein the DUT to be measured is an insertable device;

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate the connections to be made to the multistate electronic transfer standard, wherein the DUT to be measured is a non-insertable device;

FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate connections to be made to the multistate electronic transfer standard in order to calibrate the VNA, for a non-insertable device according to the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the multistate electronic transfer standard of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a control circuit for operating the multistate electronic transfer standard of FIG. 11;

FIGS. 14a)-14b) illustrate a block diagram of a three-port calibration test set and a three-port multi-state transfer standard for calibrating the three-port test set, according to the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of the three-port multi-state transfer standard of FIG. 14;

FIGS. 16a)-16b) illustrate the three-port calibration test set and the three-port multi-state transfer standard in two configurations for calibrating the three-port test set;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating connections between a three-port DUT and the three-port test set of FIG. 14;

FIG. 18 is a flow-diagram of a three-port DUT measured with the three-port test set of FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 illustrates a block diagram of a four-port calibration test set and a four-port multi-state transfer standard for calibrating the four-port test set, according to the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of the four-port multi-state transfer standard of FIG. 19;

FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating connections between a four-port DUT and the four-port test set of FIG. 19;

FIG. 22 is a flow-diagram of the four-port DUT measured with the four-port test set of FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram illustrating error matrices associated with the VNA;

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating connections to and between a multiport network analyzer and a multiport multi-state electronic transfer standard;

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the multiport multi-state electronic transfer standard;

FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram illustrating a plurality of two-port error matrices which make up the multiport VNA;

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram illustrating a computer control procedure for obtaining calibration coefficients according to this invention;

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a self-calibrating VNA using a pair of multi-state electronic transfer standards according to this invention; and

FIG. 29 is an alternate embodiment of a self-calibrating VNA according to this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 5 illustrates a measurement setup according to a preferred embodiment which can be used with the present invention to calibrate a VNA. The setup includes the VNA 12, a two-port multi-state electronic transfer standard (MSETS) 14 according to this invention, and a computer control 16. The computer control 16 includes a data line 18 to the VNA 12 to receive the measured data from the VNA 12 and to control the VNA 12 with the aid of software stored in a local or permanent memory region 20 of the computer 16. The measurement setup also includes a control line 22 between the interface 23 and the MSETS 14 which allows the computer or the VNA to control the MSETS in accordance with the control software stored in the memory of the computer. In addition, the computer control 16 includes a keyboard interface 24 for interaction with an operator. Note that while a computer control 16 is illustrated in this embodiment, the computer functions can be incorporated into the VNA 12, or into a microprocessor or other hardware and software device, directly provided to the MSETS 14.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of the microwave circuitry 25 contained in the MSETS 14 of the present invention. This circuitry is of a type disclosed in Applicants' U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,708 relating to a Broadband Programmable Electronic Tuner. The teachings of this patent are expressly incorporated by reference hereinto. The microwave circuitry 25 includes a number of pairs of PIN diodes D1-D16 and DC blocking capacitors C4-C19 in series which are separated according to this embodiment by various lengths of microstrip transmission line T1-T17. The series capacitor C4-C19 and PIN diode D1-D16 combinations are shunted to ground 27. The DC blocking capacitors C4-C19 establish the RF connection of the cathode side of each respective diode D1-D16 to ground. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the transmission lines T1-T17 are constructed from 10 mil thick, known dielectric substrates which are laminated with copper on both sides, wherein one side is etched to the appropriate dimensions. While such transmission line is utilized, equivalent forms of transmission line that establish a given electrical length are contemplated according to this invention. Similarly, while PIN diodes are utilized, other forms of switching semiconductor devices are contemplated.

Referring to FIG. 6, a DC bias current is constantly established at connection J0. This current is established by a +5 volt supply according to a preferred embodiment. This DC bias current is supplied to the anode side of any of the PIN diodes D1-D16 through the RF bypass network consisting of RF coil inductor L1 and RF shunt capacitor C2. The RF bypass network prevents the interaction of RF and DC signals. Any of the PIN diodes D1-D16 can be forward-biased by providing a DC current return path to the cathode sides of any of the diodes via any of the control lines connections J1-J16. By individually controlling the connection of the control lines J1-J16, any one corresponding individual diode D1-D16 may be forward or reverse-biased. Each control line connection also includes an RF bypass circuit consisting of a series RF coil L2-L17 and a shunt RF capacitor C20-C35 which prevents interaction between the RF signals and the DC bias signals.

In FIG. 6, the DC blocking capacitors C1 and C3, which are placed in series with the RF transmission lines at the input of PORT 1 and PORT 2, prevent the DC bias signals used to bias the PIN diodes from exiting the two-port MSETS.

The MSETS allows for a multitude of conditions to be established over a broad frequency band at both of its PORTS 1 and 2. These conditions include presenting a multitude of complex impedances at each port, a low-loss through-connection between the ports and a high isolation condition. In addition, the length and width of the transmission lines T2-T16 are chosen to ensure a unique phase relationship between each of the PIN diodes D1-D16. The selection of transmission line electrical length is based on the principle of prime numbers described in Applicants' U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,708, which is expressly incorporated hereinto by reference. This principle provides for minimizing the repetition of impedance values at either port of the MSETS. Thus, employing the prime number relationship ensures that the total line length from either input port of the MSETS to each diode is not evenly divisible by the line length from the input port to any other diode. However, other length relationships can be utilized according to this invention.

In FIG. 6, the microwave circuit allows for a plurality of microwave impedances, spread across the complex reflection plane, to be presented at both ports of the calibrator network by controlling the signal present at the control lines J1-J16. By way of example, the microwave circuit can be considered as being a symmetrical circuit comprised of two equal circuits. Circuit one is comprised of transmission lines T2-T8 and the corresponding shunt PIN diode D1-D8 and series capacitor C4-C10 pairs between these transmission lines. Circuit two is comprised of transmission lines T10-T16 and the corresponding shunt PIN diode D9-D16 and series capacitor C12-C19 pairs. These two circuits are joined by transmission line T9 which is fed by the DC current supply connection J0 and the RF bypass network. The circuit is designed such that the transmission lines T2-T8 and T10-T16 are symmetrical about the transmission line T9. Therefore, transmission line length T2 is equal to transmission line length T16, T3 equals T15, T4 equals T14, T5 equals T13, T6 equals T12, T7 equals T11 and T8 equals T10. The length of the transmission line T9, according to this embodiment, is chosen so that, at the lowest frequency of desired operation, the round trip electrical length between PORT 1 to PIN diode D1 and the round trip electrical length between PORT 1 and PIN diode D14 is a minimum of 240 degrees of phase difference for the condition where each diode is alternatively forward-biased and the electrical length is measured. Similarly, the same phase relationship will exist at the lowest frequency of operation when diodes D3 and D16 are forward-biased one at a time and connection is made to PORT 2.

In FIG. 6, the PIN diodes can be operated in one of two states. In a forward-biased state, the PIN diodes act as very small resistors (substantially short circuits). In a reverse-biased state, the PIN diodes can be modeled as a very small capacitor, at RF frequencies, and therefore a very high impedance (substantially open circuits). Establishing a DC ground connection to any of the control lines J1-J16 ensures that the appropriate diode is forward-biased. Alternatively, any of the control lines J1-J16 can be set to a positive voltage substantially larger than that at port J0 so that the appropriate PIN diode will be reverse-biased. Thus, it is possible to present a number of different impedances to either port of the MSETS. In addition, when all of the control lines are connected to DC ground such that all the PIN diodes are forward-biased, the two-port MSETS acts as a large value attenuator providing a substantial amount of isolation between PORTS 1 and 2. In contrast, when all of the control lines are set to a positive voltage so that all of the PIN diodes D1-D16 are reverse-biased, the two-port MSETS acts as a low-loss through-connection between PORTS 1 and 2.

In a preferred embodiment, each capacitor C1-C3 has a capacitance of 200 pF, C4-C9 has a capacitance of 100 pF and C20-C35 has a capacitance of 820 pF; each inductor has an inductance of 40 nH; each transmission lines has a width of 0.30" and a physical length of T1=T17=0.061", T2=T16=0.035", T3=T15=0.039", T4=T14=0.035", TS=T13=0.039", T6=T12=0.035", T7=T11=0.214", T8=T10=0.243" and T9=0.627"; and each diode has a periphery of 0.015"×0.015"×0.005" with a series resistance of 2 ohms and a junction capacitance of 0.1 pF.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of the digital circuit 29 included in the MSETS. The digital circuit 29 provides the appropriate bias to the control ports J1-J16 in accordance with the control signal 23 received from the computer. The computer control signal 23 is received by three commercially available Darlington transistor arrays U1, U2 and U7 (SN 75468). The Darlington transistor arrays U1, U2 and U7 are configured to receive a 16-bit TTL signal output by the computer. The word is transmitted on signal lines B0-B15 to U1 pins 1-7, U2 pins 1-7 and U7 pins 1-2 respectively. U1, U2 and U7 pins 8 are connected to ground 27. A TTL logic high on any one input line B0-B15 results in a corresponding output of the Darlington array U1, U2 or U7 providing a DC ground signal to the corresponding output control line BO₁ -B15₁. Output control lines BO₁ -B6₁ are connected to respective pins 16-10 of U1, B7₁ -B13₁ are connected to respective pins 16-10 of U2 and B14₁ and B15₁ are connected to respective pins 16 and 15 of U7. A TTL logic low input to any of the Darlington array input ports does not enable the corresponding Darlington array output and, thus, the corresponding control line BO₁ -B15₁ is pulled up to a +50 volt signal level which is presented to the corresponding PIN diode control line.

In FIG. 7, a pair of 68 ohm resistor networks U3 and U4 are placed between the output control lines BO₁ -B15₁ of the Darlington arrays U1, U2 and U7 and the corresponding output control lines BO₂ -B15₂ and are used to limit the current which can be drawn by each diode. In addition, there is provided a pair of one Mega-ohm resistor networks U5 and U6 which are placed at the outputs BO₂ -B15₂ of the 68 ohm resistor networks which are in series with a +50 volt bias supply 33 according to this embodiment. The voltage supply 33 and resistor networks U5 and U6 act as a pull-up network for each output control which is not selected by the input TTL signal, thereby ensuring that a strong reverse bias signal is maintained on each control line J1-J16 for a PIN diode which has not been selected.

FIG. 8 is a two-port, twelve-term error correction model 35 which may be used to model the systematic errors in a conventional VNA setup. In FIG. 8, the subscript notation is as follows: M stands for measurements made by the VNA which is being calibrated; A stands for actual measurements which were preformed by a VNA at a metrology laboratory; F stands for measurements in a forward direction (looking into the two-port MSETS from PORT 1) and R indicates measurements in a reverse direction (looking into PORT 2 of the two-port MSETS).

As is known in the prior art, determining the error coefficients of the error correction model requires the connection of a number of known primary standards to the ports of the VNA. In accordance with one embodiment the present invention, there need only be a one-time connection to each port of the VNA. Such connections are typically made to both ports simultaneously. Thereafter, the MSETS and computer control provide a number of transfer standards, to the VNA ports, whose characteristics are known from previous measurements. The transfer standards include a plurality of impedances, a low-loss through-connection and a high isolation connection between the VNA ports. The transfer standards are measured by the VNA, are compared to previous measurements of the standards and the error coefficients of the twelve term error model are then calculated.

In addition in accordance with the present invention, the accuracy of the calibration may be increased where the number of impedances presented at both ports of the calibrator network can be greater than that required to compute the unknown error model coefficients, and, therefore, the additional impedance measurements may be used to improve the accuracy of the calculated coefficients. Furthermore, any random errors associated with calibration are substantially reduced due to the fact that only one connection to the VNA ports is required. Thus, with the present invention it is possible to reduce the random and systematic errors in the calibration and to improve the accuracy of the DUT measurement.

In addition, according to the present invention, the calibration speed is improved where a minimum number of connections may be made between the MSETS and the VNA and where the computer control program automatically controls the calibration without the need for operator input. An additional benefit of the present invention is that any connector configuration (e.g. insertable, non-insertable) of the DUT to be characterized can be accommodated by the present invention without a change in the calibration accuracy. This may be accomplished by providing the MSETS with a male connector on a first port and a female connector, of the same connector family, on the second port to provide an insertable MSETS. The insertable MSETS is then supplied with a male-to-male connector and a female-to-female connector as part of a complete calibration kit, thereby allowing for all possible insertable and non-insertable connector possibilities on the DUT to be measured. Alternatively, the MSETS can be custom-made with any connector sex and type on each of its ports.

Additional advantages of the MSETS of the present invention are that it can present a verification standard to the VNA, following calibration, in order to check that the calibration was performed correctly and to insure the accuracy of the calibration without the requirement of additional connections and/or disconnections to the VNA. Further, the computer control and the limited connections between the MSETS and the VNA, substantially eliminates the possibility of human error in the calibration.

With reference to FIGS. 6 and 9, a method by which all twelve-term, error coefficients of FIG. 8 are determined will now be described. Where the DUT to be measured is an insertable device, an insertable MSETS, as shown in FIG. 9, having a male connector 120 at one port (PORT 2) and a female connector 122, of the same connector family, at its second port (PORT 1) is connected to the appropriate ports of the VNA. Note that FIG. 9 is by way of example only, and that the possible connector configurations of the insertable calibrator network and the VNA can also be reversed. For example, the insertable MSETS can be provided with a male connector at PORT 1 and a female connector at PORT 2.

First, a 16-bit digital word is input to the digital circuitry of FIG. 7 such that the PIN diodes D15 and D16 are forward-biased, thereby effectively presenting a short circuit impedance at PORT 2 of the insertable MSETS and also isolating PORT 2 from PORT 1 of the insertable MSETS. Equation 1 is derived from a flow graph analysis on the two-port, twelve-term error correction model 35 of FIG. 8 to solve for the measured reflection coefficient at PORT 1 (S_(11M)). In Equation 1, the terms S_(11A), S_(22A), S_(21A), and S_(12A), are the actual scattering parameters presented by the insertable MSETS and measured at a metrology laboratory with a VNA. ##EQU1##

    Det[SA]=S.sub.11A S.sub.22A -S.sub.21A S.sub.12A

From Equation 1, it is clear that under the condition that S_(21A) =S_(12A) =0, Equation 1 reduces to Equation 2. ##EQU2## This condition is achieved practically, as described above, by forward-biasing diodes D15 and D16 such that PORT 2 is isolated from PORT 1. In Equation 2, the coefficient S_(11A) is representative of the predetermined reflection coefficients measured by a VNA at a metrology laboratory (when diodes D15 and D16 and at least one other diode D1-D14 is "on") for Various impedances presented at PORT 1. Therefore, by presenting and measuring at least three known impedances at PORT 1, the three error terms forward directivity EDF, forward reflection tracking ERF and forward source match ESF in Equation 2 can be solved for mathematically. Additionally, an improved accuracy in the error coefficient calculations may be achieved, by measuring more than three impedances at PORT 1 and performing a hermitian least sum squares fitting algorithm on the over determined set of equations.

Since the circuit in FIG. 6 is symmetrical, the same step can be used at PORT 2. Equation 3 represents the measured reflection coefficient S_(22M) of the insertable MSETS derived by using a flow graph analysis at PORT 2 of the insertable MSETS from the error model of FIG. 8. ##EQU3## By forward-biasing PIN diodes D1 and D2 at PORT 1 of the insertable MSETS, PORT 1 is isolated from PORT 2 of the insertable MSETS. As can be seen from Equation 3, if S_(21A) =S_(12A) =0 then Equation 3 reduces to Equation 4. ##EQU4## A number of predetermined impedances can be presented at PORT 2 by forward-biasing diodes D1 and D2 and at least one of diodes D3-D16. These impedances can be measured and used to calculate the three error terms reverse directivity EDR, reverse reflection tracking ERR and the reverse source match ESR of Equation 4. In addition, as discussed above, by measuring more than three known impedances and using a least sum squares fitting algorithm, the accuracy of the computed error terms can be increased.

Equations 5 and 6 represent the measured transmission coefficients in the forward direction (looking into the insertable MSETS from PORT 1) and the reverse direction (looking into the insertable MSETS from PORT 2) derived using a flow graph analysis technique on the two-port error correction model of FIG. 8. ##EQU5## It is clear from Equations 5 and 6, that if S_(21A) =0 then Equation 5 reduces to Equation 7.

    S.sub.21M =EXF                                             (7)

Similarly, it is clear from Equation 6, that if S_(12A) =0 then Equation 6 reduces to Equation 8.

    S.sub.12M =EXR                                             (8)

These conditions S_(12A) =S_(21A) =0 are accomplished by forward-biasing all of the PIN diodes D1-D16 such that a large value of attenuation exists between PORTS 1 and 2 of the insertable MSETS.

By measuring the transmission coefficients S_(21M) and S_(12M) (see Equations 7 and 8) when all of the diodes D1-D16 are forward-biased, the error terms forward isolation EXF and reverse isolation EXR can be computed.

Referring to the twelve-term, error correction model of FIG. 8, the scattering coefficients S_(11A), S_(21A), S_(22A), and S_(12A) are the known scattering parameters measured at the metrology laboratory during the original characterization of the insertable MSETS. In one measurement, these values are measured for the conditions where all of the PIN diodes D1-D16 are reverse-biased. Since, the one-port error terms for PORT 1 and PORT 2 were determined previously by the steps described above, by measuring the impedances at PORT 1 and PORT 2 where all of the PIN diodes are reverse-biased, the error terms forward load match ELF and reverse load match ELR can be computed from Equations 9 and 10. ##EQU6##

In addition, by measuring the through-connection from PORT 1 to PORT 2 with a signal source at PORT 1 and alternatively from PORT 1 to PORT 2 with a single source at PORT 2, while PIN diodes D1-D16 are reverse-biased, the error terms forward transmission tracking ETF and reverse transmission tracking ETR can be computed from Equations 11 and 12. ##EQU7## Thus, all of the twelve-term error coefficients of the two-port error model of FIG. 8 can be computed using the steps described above and with a single connection of each port of the insertable MSETS to each port of the network analyzer and without any human intervention.

Furthermore, after the above-described calibration is complete, the insertable MSETS can then be used to simulate known transmission and reflection coefficients which have not been previously presented during the calibration procedure, as a verification standard for the purpose of checking the accuracy of the calibration. This can be performed immediately after the calibration, with the aid of the software and without any need for further connections or disconnections of the insertable MSETS or any human intervention. Upon verification of the insertable calibration the two-port insertable MSETS can then be removed and the insertable DUT connected for measurement.

When the DUT to be measured is a non-insertable device, the insertable MSETS can be used in conjunction with an adapter for calibration of the VNA. The adapter (which is similar to adapter 144 of FIGS. 2A and B and 3A and B) is needed because the device is not insertable and, thus, the two ports of the VNA cannot be connected directly together with the aid of a cable without the adapter. Alternatively, a custom-made MSETS can be supplied with the sex and type connectors at each of its ports, as requested by a user. The error coefficients of the VNA can then be determined using the previously characterized custom made MSETS and Equations 1-12, as discussed above.

As discussed above, a kit is provided including the insertable MSETS, a male-to-male connector, a female-to-female connector, and the software for controlling the MSETS and VNA, which, together, comprise a non-insertable MSETS kit. In the method described below, the adapter to be used with the insertable MSETS is chosen such that its connectors duplicate the connector configuration of the DUT to be measured.

Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown an example of a VNA setup where the DUT to be measured has female connectors at both of its ports. In order for the VNA to mate with the non-insertable DUT, the connectors 124 and 126 on both of the VNA ports must be arranged to be male connectors. Similarly, referring to FIG. 10B, there is shown a corresponding VNA setup where the DUT to be measured has male connectors at both of its ports. Accordingly, the connectors 124 and 126 at both ports 1 and port 2 of the VNA are configured to be female connectors.

A method for calibrating the VNA for a non-insertable DUT to be measured will now be described. Referring now to FIG. 11A, there is illustrated the calibration setup according to a first step of this method. A port of the insertable MSETS which mates with a chosen port of the VNA is connected to the chosen port. In FIG. 11A, the chosen port of the VNA is illustrated as PORT 2 (116), however, the chosen port may also be PORT 1 (114). A port is chosen simply for the purpose of standardization in that if the same port is utilized all the time a routine is developed by the operator. The insertable MSETS is then configured to operate in a one-port mode to present a plurality of known reflection coefficients to the VNA at reference plane A, as shown in FIGS. 11A. Operation in a one-port mode is equivalent to the operation discussed above with respect to equations 2 and 4. Therefore, by presenting a number of predetermined impedances at PORT 2 of the VNA where some diodes of the insertable MSETS are forward-biased, these impedances can be measured and used to calculate the error terms EDR, ERR and ESR of equation 4.

Referring now to FIG. 11B, the insertable MSETS is next disconnected from the VNA at reference plane A and is turned around and connected to the VNA at reference plane C (PORT 1) of the VNA. Also, an adapter 128 with the same sex connectors 130 and 132 as the DUT to be measured is inserted between the insertable MSETS network and PORT 2 of VNA. Thus as shown in FIG. 11B, a cascaded circuit of the insertable MSETS 14 and the adapter 128 comprise a non-insertable MSETS. Note that a female-to-female adapter is shown by way of example only in FIG. 11B, for the case where the DUT has female connectors at both of its ports. Alternatively, the adapter can also have male connectors at both of its ports and the VNA can have female connectors 124 and 126 at both of its ports, for the case where the DUT has male connectors at both of its ports.

Next, the scattering parameters of the adapter are computed from the known reflection coefficients of the insertable MSETS at reference plane B, which are known from previous meteorology laboratory measurements of the MSETS, and the one-port error correction coefficients which were determined, from the measurements of the insertable MSETS at reference plane A, in the first step of this method described above. In other words, scattering parameters of the adapter are determined using the following steps. The insertable MSETS is operated in a one-port mode, as discussed above with respect to equations 2 and 4, wherein known reflection coefficients are presented by the MSETS at reference plane B, and measured by the VNA at reference plane A. The reflection coefficient S22' measured by the VNA at reference plane A, due to the known reflection coefficients presented by the insertable MSETS at reference plane B, is represented by the equation: ##EQU8## wherein S_(11A), S_(21A), S_(12A) and S_(22A) are the scattering parameters of the adapter and Γ_(B) is the known reflection coefficient of the insertable MSETS. By measuring at least three reflection coefficients S22' presented by the insertable MSETS at reference plane A for three known reflection coefficients Γ_(B), the values of S_(11A), S_(22A), S_(21A), and S_(12A) can be determined. The reciprocity of the adapter results in S_(21A) equal to S_(12A).

Referring now to equation 13, let the product of S_(21A) ×S_(12A) be represented by W. Given the reciprocal nature of the connector, then S_(22A) =S_(12A) =√ W. However, W is a complex number, and its square root may, therefore, have two values, wherein the magnitude of both values is the same but the angles are 180° out of phase with respect to each other. Accordingly, W can be represented by equations 14 and 15: ##EQU9## Where |w|=Absolute value of w and ⊖=Argument of w

Therefore, in order to correctly determine the value of S_(21A) =S_(12A), a boundary condition is used. To choose the correct arguments between equations 14 and 15, a proper boundary condition representing the phase of the coaxial connector at 0 Hertz is used. It is known in the prior art that all commercially available VNA's wrap the phase (argument) between ±180° as the frequency is swept between the start and stop points. By adding 360° to the argument as the frequency is swept across the ±180° crossover points, one can deduce the total phase rotation by unwrapping the argument. The unwrapped argument as a function of frequency can be fitted through a least sum squared fitting algorithm to a polynomial such as: ##EQU10## Where A_(i) =Polynomial coefficient and F=Frequency

It is also known that the phase angle of the coaxial connector must approach 0° as the frequency approaches DC. Therefore, the term A₀ of the phase expressions for equations 14 and 15 must be chosen to be the one which is closer to 0. Thus, the proper value of the phase can be determined and the S parameters of the adapter can be calculated utilizing equation 13. Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to calculate the scattering parameters of the adapter needed for a non-insertable calibration without knowing the electrical length of the adapter used as part of the calibration.

In order to transfer the scattering parameters of the through-connection state and the verification state, of the insertable MSETS, to reference plane A, the scattering matrices of the adapter, the through-connection state and the verification state are converted to chain scattering matrices. The chain scattering matrices can be computed utilizing the equation: ##EQU11##

The chain scattering matrices of the insertable MSETS, operating in the through connection state, is transformed to reference plane A by multiplying the chain matrix of the insertable MSETS with the chain matrix of the adapter. Similarly, the chain scattering matrix of the insertable MSETS, operating in the verification mode, is multiplied by the chain scattering matrix of the adapter to transform the verification state to reference plane A. The resulting chain scattering matrices are then reconverted back to S parameter matrices utilizing the equation: ##EQU12##

Referring to FIG. 11B, since connector 122 of the insertable MSETS network is connected directly to PORT 1 (114) of the VNA there is no need for transforming the S parameters presented by the insertable MSETS to PORT 1 of the VNA. Therefore, the S parameters of the insertable MSETS operating in the one port mode, the through state and the verification state are now known at connectors 124 and 126 of the VNA. The insertable MSETS is then operated to step through the steps of the method for the insertable calibration discussed above to determine the error correction coefficients for the non-insertable configuration as shown in FIGS. 10A or 10B. Thereafter, both the insertable MSETS and the adapter can be removed and the non-insertable DUT to be measured can be inserted for measurement.

Therefore, with the present invention it is possible to calibrate the network analyzer for a non-insertable DUT to be measured with a minimum of two connections to be made to any one port of the network analyzer. In addition, since the steps are all computer controlled, the possibility of user error is eliminated. Furthermore, the insertable MSETS simulates a verification standard so that the non-insertable calibration accuracy is checked without having to disconnect and connect any verification standards. Further, the non-insertable calibration is performed without having to connect any primary calibration standards to the VNA.

Referring to FIG. 12, there is shown a schematic diagram of microwave circuitry contained in a second embodiment of the MSETS 14' of the present invention. The second embodiment is utilized to extend the frequency of operation of the MSETS. The second embodiment can be used in conjunction with the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 to create an ultra-broad band MSETS.

The microwave circuitry, as shown in FIG. 12, includes a plurality of single-pole, multi-throw switches. For example there is shown two single-pole, four-throw switches 134 and 136. Each throw 138, 140, 142 and 144 of single-pole, four-throw switch 134 and each throw, 146, 148, 150, and 152 of single-pole, four-throw switch 136, is connected to a different impedance. For example, throws 138 and 146 are interconnected by a low loss through transmission line 154; throws 140 and 148 are connected to an open circuit; throws 142 and 150 are connected to a short circuit; and throws 144 and 152 are each connected to a pole 155 and 157 of single pole double throw switches 154 and 156. Throws 158, and 160 of single-pole, double-throw switch 154 and throws 162 and 164 of single-pole, double-throw switch 156 are each connected to a fixed impedance. For example, throws 158 and 162 are interconnected by a 3 dB fixed attenuator, and throws 160 and 164 are each connected to a fixed 50 Ohm matched termination.

In FIG. 12, DC blocking capacitors C1 and C2 are placed in series with poles 166 and 168 at input PORT 1 (170) and PORT 2 (172) to prevent any DC bias signals used to bias the single-pole, multi-throw switches from exiting the MSETS. The second embodiment of the MSETS also allows for a plurality of conditions to be established over an extended frequency band of operation at both of its PORTS 1 (170) and 2 (172). These conditions include presenting a multitude of complex impedances at each port, including: the open, the short, the matched termination and an intermediate impedance comprising a 3 dB attenuator. Further, these conditions include a low-loss through-connection between the ports. A through connection can be established between PORTS 1 and 2 by connecting pole 166 to throw 138 and pole 168 to throw 146. In addition, an open can be established at PORTS 1 and 2 by connecting poles 166 to throw 140 and pole 168 to throw 148. Further, a short circuit can be established at PORTS 1 and 2 by connecting pole 166 to throw 142 and pole 168 to throw 150. Still further, a matched termination can be presented at PORTS 1 and 2 by connecting pole 166 to throw 144, pole 155 to throw 160, pole 168 to throw 152, and pole 157 to throw 164. Finally, an intermediate impedance can be presented to either PORT 1 or 2 by connecting pole 166 to throw 144 and pole 155 to throw 158 or by connecting pole 168 to throw 152 and pole 157 to throw 162.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a control circuit for controlling the microwave circuit of the second embodiment of the MSETS. The control logic consists of several addressable 8-bit latches 176 which are programmed to drive the single-pole, multi-throw switches of the circuit of FIG. 12 to any of the combinations discussed above. A voltage output by the addressable latch is input to a CMOS gate 178, to provide one of two voltages to each control line 182 of the single-pole, multi-throw switches of the circuit of FIG. 12. For example, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the voltages presented to the single-pole, multi-throw control lines are either 0 volts or -8 volts to turn the throw of each switch on and off, respectively. Accordingly, when the CMOS gate is in a high condition, the NPN transistor 180 is biased on an output voltage at control line 182 is effectively connected to -8 volt DC supply 184. Alternatively, when the CMOS gate is low, the transistor is biased off and the output 182 is connected to ground through the resistor R1. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, resistors R1, R2, R3 are each 1.6 K Ohms.

Therefore, the circuits of FIGS. 12 and 13 comprise a second embodiment of an MSETS according to the present invention. The second embodiment can be used in the same manner as the first embodiment to calibrate a VNA for both an insertable and non-insertable DUT to be measured. Accordingly, an ultra-broadband calibration kit, according to the present invention, includes a first MSETS having a male connector at a first port and a female connector at a second port, a second MSETS having a male connector at a first port and a female connector at a second port, a first adapter having male connectors at each of its ports, a second adapter having female connectors at each of its ports, and a software package to control each of the embodiments of the MSETS'.

Referring now to FIG. 14, there is disclosed a block diagram of a three-port test set 310 and a three-port multi-state transfer standard 312, used with the two-port VNA 112 to convert the two-port VNA 112 into a three-port VNA and to calibrate the three-port VNA. It should be appreciated that although a three-port test set 310 and a three-port multi-state transfer standard 312 will now be described, with references to FIGS. 14, 15, 16 and 17, that the two-port VNA 112 can be converted to a multi-port VNA having N-number of ports.

The three-port test set 310 includes a source of reflection coefficients 328, a first single-pole, double-throw switch 314 and a second single-pole, double-throw switch 316. A first port 301, of the test set 310, is coupled to port one of the VNA 112 at the reference plane 114. A second port 303, of the test set 310, is coupled to the port two of the VNA 112 at the reference plane 116. A third port 305, a fourth port 307 and a fifth port 309, of the test set 310, are respectively coupled to a first port 311, a third port 315 and a second port 313 of the multi-state transfer standard 312. The multi-state transfer standard 312 includes a single-pole, double-throw switch 326. Additional details of the three-port multi-state transfer standard 312 will be given infra.

It is to be appreciated that for each of the three-port and the four-port multi-state transfer standards described below, as well as any N-port embodiment, the scattering coefficients of the multi-state transfer standard 312 should be initially measured at metrology laboratory for the plurality of conditions presented to each of the ports of the multi-state transfer standard 312.

Referring to FIGS. 14a) and 14b), there are illustrated two configurations of the three-port test set 310 and the three-port multi-state transfer standard 312 for calibrating the three-port test set 310, according to the present invention. In a first configuration illustrated in FIG. 14a), a pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326, within the multi-state transfer standard 312, is set to a first throw position 332 to connect the first port 311 and the second port 313 of the multi-state transfer standard 312. The first port 311, of the multi-state transfer standard 312, is coupled through the test set 310 to the first port of the VNA 112. In addition, a pole 369 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316, within the three-port test set 310, is set to a first throw position 324 to connect the second port of the VNA 112 to the second port 313 of the multi-state transfer standard 312. Although the single-pole, double-throw switch 14 is shown, in FIG. 14a), having its pole 367 connected to a first throw 318, it is to be appreciated that the configuration of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is not important to the first configuration of the method of calibration of the multi-port VNA. A plurality of conditions for calibrating the VNA 112, generated with the multi-state transfer standard 312, are measured with the VNA 112 at the first port 311 and the second port 313. Using the same procedure as described above with reference to equations (1) through (12), the full two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the vector network analyzer is calculated.

Referring now to FIG. 14b), the test set 310 and the multi-state transfer standard 312 are switched to a second configuration. In this second configuration, the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326 is switched to a second throw position 330, thereby connecting the first port 311 and the third port 315 of the three-port multi-state transfer standard 312. In addition, the pole 367 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is set to a second throw position 320 and the pole 369 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 is set to a second position 322 so as to couple the third port 315, of the three-port multi-state transfer standard 312, to the second port of the VNA 112. In this second configuration, the first port 311 of the multi-state transfer standard 312 remains coupled through the test set 310 to the first port of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions for calibrating the VNA 112, generated with the multi-state transfer standard 312, are measured at the first port 311 and the third port 315. The two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the vector network analyzer is calculated using equations (1)-(12), as discussed above.

FIG. 15, is a schematic diagram of the three-port multi-state transfer standard 312 of FIG. 14. The three-port, multi-state transfer standard 312 includes the single-pole, double-throw switch 326. In addition, the multi-state transfer standard 312 includes three single-pole, four-throw switches 334, 336 and 338. A first respective throw 340, 342 and 344, of each of the switches 334, 336 and 338, is connected to a short circuit impedance. A second respective throw 346, 348 and 350 of each of the switches 334, 336 and 338, is connected to an open circuit impedance. A third respective throw 352, 354 and 356, of each of switches 334, 336 and 338, is connected to a matched load impedance. A fourth throw 358, of the switch 334, is connected to the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326. A fourth throw 362, of the switch 336, is connected to the second throw 330 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326. A fourth throw 364, of the switch 338, is connected to the first throw 332 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326.

By connecting the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326 to the second position 332, by selectively connecting the pole 361 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 334 to each of the four throws 340, 346, 352 and 358, and by selectively connecting the pole 365 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 338 to each of the four throws 344, 350, 356 and 364, the multi-state transfer standard will generate the plurality of conditions necessary for calculating the two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions will be generated for the multi-state transfer standard having the first port 311 and the second port 313, coupled together.

Alternatively, by connecting the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326 to the first throw 330, by selectively connecting the pole 361 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 334 to each of the four throws 340, 346, 352 and 358, and by selectively connecting the pole 363 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 336 to each of the four throws 342, 348, 354 and 362, the multi-state transfer standard will generate each of the plurality of conditions necessary to calculate the full two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions will be generated for the multi-state transfer standard having the first port 311 and the third port 315 coupled together. Therefore, the twelve-term error correction coefficients between the first port 311 and the second port 313, as well as between the first port 311 and the third port 315, can be calculated using equations (1) through (12) and the steps described above.

Once the two-port, twelve-term error correction coefficients for the VNA 112 have been determined, the multi-state transfer standard 312 and the three-port test set 310 are configured as shown in FIG. 16. In FIG. 16a), the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326, is connected to the throw 330 so that the first port 311 and the third port 315, of the multi-state transfer standard 312, are connected together. In addition, the pole 367 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is connected to the throw 318 so that the source 328 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L) is coupled to the third port 315 of the multi-state transfer standard 312. The source 328 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L) is run through a plurality of reflection coefficients which are measured by the two-port VNA 112 at the first port 311 of the multi-state transfer standard 312. It is to be appreciated that although the position of the pole 369 is shown as connected to the throw 324 of the single-pole, double throw switch 316, the configuration of this switch is irrelevant to this step. In other words the pole 316 could also be connected to the throw 322.

The reflection coefficients Γ_(L) measured at the first port 311 are then translated to the third port 315 of the multi-state transfer standard 312, into reflection coefficients Γ₃. This translation to the third port 315 is done by mapping of the measured reflection coefficients Γ_(L) at the first port 311 through the two-port S-parameters between the first port 311 and the third port 315.

Alternatively, the multi-state transfer standard 312 and the three-port test set 310 are configured as shown in FIG. 16b). In particular, the pole 360 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 326 is switched to the throw 332 so that the first port 311 and the third port 313, of the multi-state transfer standard, are coupled together. In addition, the pole 369 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 is switched to the throw 322. Further, the pole 367 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is coupled to the throw 320 so as to couple the third port 315, of the transfer standard 312, to the second port of the VNA 112. In a preferred embodiment of the three-port test set 310, the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 is an absorptive-type switch such that a matched load is presented by the throw 324 when the pole 316 is coupled to the throw 322. In this configuration, a reflection coefficient presented to the second port 313, of the transfer standard, by the throw 324 when the pole 369 is connected to the throw 322 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316, is measured at the first port 311 with the two-port VNA 112. The reflection coefficient measured at the first port 311 is translated to the second port 313, of the multi-state transfer standard 312, into reflection coefficient Γ₂. This translation to the second port 313 is done by mapping of the measured reflection coefficient at the first port 311 through the S-parameters between the first port 311 and the second port 313.

The VNA 112 has now been characterized between the first port 311 and the second port 313 as well as between the first port 311 and the third port 315, of the multi-state transfer standard 312, and the multi-state transfer standard is disconnected from each of the ports 305, 307 and 309 of the three-port test set 310. Referring to FIG. 17, a three-port DUT 372, to be measured, is connected to the three-port test set 310. In particular, a first port 366, a second port 368, and a third port 370 of the DUT 372 are connected to the respective ports 305, 309 and 307 of the three-port test set. The DUT can be fully characterized by this single connection of each of the ports to the three-port test set 310. In particular, the three-port test set 310 is then configured into two configurations shown in FIG. 17a) and FIG. 17(b) without additional connections to either of the DUT 372 or the three-port test set 310.

Referring to FIG. 17a), the pole of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is coupled to the throw 318 and the pole 369 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 is connected to the throw 324. The source 328 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L) is cycled through the plurality of reflection coefficients Γ₃ which were calculated during the calibration procedure, as discussed above, and which are presented to the third port 370 of the DUT. In addition, the two-port S-parameters between the first port 366 and the second port 368 of the DUT, are measured with VNA 112 for each of the plurality of reflection coefficients presented at the third port 370.

Referring to FIG. 18, there is illustrated a flow graph of a three-port DUT 372 with the third port terminated in the reflection coefficient Γ₃. Using a flow graph analysis, the measured S-parameters S₁₁ ', S₁₂ ', S₂₁ ' and S₂₂ ' can be represented by equations (19) through (22). ##EQU13##

The values S₁₁ ', S₁₂ ', S₂₁ ' and S₂₂ ', are known from the measurements, with the VNA 112, of the DUT 372 at the first port 366 and the second port 368. In addition, the value of the Γ₃ presented to the DUT 372 at the third port 370 are known from the above described calibration procedure. Thus, the unknown values are the scattering parameters S₁₁, S₁₂, S₂₁, S₂₂, and S₃₃ as well as the transmission multiplication terms S₁₃ S₃₁, S₁₃ S₃₂, S₂₃ S₃₁, and S₂₃ S₃₂. Thus, providing at least three known reflection coefficients Γ₃ at the third port 370 of the DUT 372, yields 12 equations with the nine unknown values. Accordingly, the nine unknown values can be calculated from the 12 equations. Five of the nine values are the scattering parameters of the three port DUT 372.

Referring now to FIG. 17b), the three-port test set 310 is configured so that the pole 367 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 314 is connected to the throw 320 and the pole 369 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 is connected to the throw 322. With this configuration, the second port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the third port 370 of the DUT. In addition, as discussed above, the first port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the first port 366 of the DUT 372. Using a flow graph analysis on the three-port flow graph of FIG. 18, with a reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port of the flow graph, the S-parameters of the DUT between the first port 366 and the third port 370, are given by equations (23) through (26). ##EQU14##

For the configuration shown in FIG. 17b), the reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port 368 of the DUT 372 is the reflection coefficient of the throw 324 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 316 in the matched condition, as calculated in the calibration procedure described above. Therefore, the value of Γ₂ is known. In addition, the values of S₁₁ ', S₁₃ ', S₃₁ ' and S₃₃ ' are known from the measurements, with the VNA 112, of the DUT 372 at the first port 366 and the third port 370.

Referring now to equations (19) through (22), and defining the cross-term A, B, C, D as follows:

    A=S.sub.13 S.sub.31                                        (27)

    B=S.sub.13 S.sub.32                                        (28)

    C=S.sub.23 S.sub.31                                        (29)

    D=S.sub.23 S.sub.32                                        (30)

From equations (27) and (29), the value of S₂₃ is given by: ##EQU15## Substituting equation (31) into a equation (24) and defining U as ##EQU16##

Thus, from equation (32), one can calculate the value of S₁₃. In addition, once S₁₃ is known, the remaining terms of the three-port flow graph model of FIG. 18 can be calculated from the following equations:

    S.sub.31 =A/S.sub.13                                       (33)

    S.sub.32 =B/S.sub.13                                       (34)

    S.sub.23 =C/S.sub.31                                       (35)

Thus, by configuring the three-port test set 310 in the two configurations shown in FIG. 17, all of the nine-terms of the three-port DUT 372 can be calculated.

Referring now to FIG. 19, there is disclosed a block diagram of four-port test set 310' and a four-port multi-state transfer standard 312', used with the two-port VNA 112 to convert the two-port VNA 112 into a four-port VNA and to calibrate the four-port VNA. It should be appreciated that although a four-port test set 310' and a four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' will now be described, with references to FIGS. 19, 20, 21 and 22, that the two-port VNA 112 can be converted to a multi-port VNA having any number N of ports.

The four-port test set 310' includes a first source 420 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L4), a second source 422 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L3), a first single-pole, double-throw switch 416, a second single-pole, double-throw switch 418 and a single-pole, triple-throw switch 414. As described above with respect to the three-port test set, a first port 401, of the test set 310', is coupled to port one of the VNA 112. A second port 403, of the test set 310' is connected to port two of the VNA 112. A third port 405, a fourth port 407, a fifth port 409, and a sixth port 411, of the test set 310', are respectively coupled to a first port 415, a fourth port 421, a second port 417 and a third port 419 of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312'. The multi-state transfer standard 312' includes a single-pole, three-throw switch 430. Additional details of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' will be given below.

Referring to FIG. 19, the four-port test set 310' and the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' can be configured in three alternative configurations to calibrate the VNA 112, according to the present invention. In a first configuration, a pole 483 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 430, within the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312', is coupled to a first throw position 487 to connect the first port 415 and the second port 417 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. As discussed above, the first port 415, of the multi-state transfer standard 312', is coupled through the four-port test set 310' to the first port of the VNA 112. In addition, a pole 423 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is set to a throw position 427. With this configuration, the second port 417 of the multi-state transfer standard 312' is coupled to the second port of the VNA 112. A plurality of conditions for calibrating the VNA 112, generated with the multi-state transfer standard 312, are measured with the VNA 112 at the first port 415 and the second port 417. Using the same procedure as described above with reference to equations (1) through (12), the full two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112 is calculated.

The test set 310' and the multi-state transfer standard 312' are alternatively switched to a second configuration. In the second configuration, the pole 483 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430 is switched to a second throw position 489, thereby connecting the first port 415 and the third port 419 of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312'. In addition, a pole 437 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 418 is coupled to a first throw position 439 and the pole 423 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 coupled to a throw position 429 so as to couple the third port 419, of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312', to the second port of the VNA 112. In this second configuration, the first port 415 of the multi-state transfer standard 312' remains coupled through the test set 310' to the first port of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions for calibrating the VNA 112, generated with the multi-state transfer standard 312', are measured with the VNA 112 at the first port 415 and the third port 419. The two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112 is calculated using equations (1) through (12), as discussed above.

In a third configuration, the pole 483 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430 is switched to a third throw position 485, thereby connecting the first port 415 and the fourth port 421 of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312'. In addition, a pole 431 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 is connected to a throw 435 and the pole 423 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is connected to a third throw position 425 so as to couple the fourth port 421, of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312', to the second port of the VNA 112. The throw 425 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is permanently coupled to the throw 435 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416. In this third configuration, the first port 415 of the multi-state transfer standard 312' remains coupled through the test set 310' to the first port of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions for calibrating the VNA 112, generated with the multi-state transfer standard 312, are measured with VNA 112 at the first port 415 and the fourth port 421. The two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112 is calculated using equations (1) through (12), as discussed above.

Referring now to FIG. 20, which is a schematic diagram of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' of FIG. 19, the plurality of conditions needed to calibrate the VNA 112 for the four-port test set 310' and how they are presented, to each of the ports of the four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' , will now be described. The four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' includes the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430. In addition, the multi-state transfer standard 312' includes four single-pole, four-throw switches 426, 428, 434 and 432. A first respective throw 445, 455, 465 and 475, of each of the respective switches 426, 428, 434 and 432, is connected to a short circuit impedance. A second respective throw 447, 457, 467 and 477 of each of the respective switches 426, 428, 434 and 432, is connected to an open circuit impedance. A third respective throw 449, 459, 469 and 479, of each of the respective switches 426, 428, 434 and 432, is connected to a matched load impedance. A fourth throw 451, of the switch 426, is connected to the pole 483 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 434. A fourth throw 461, of the switch 428, is connected to the throw 487 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430. A fourth throw 471, of the switch 430, is connected to the throw 489 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430. A fourth throw 481, of the switch 432, is connected to the throw 485 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430.

By connecting the pole 483 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 430 to the second throw position 487, by selectively connecting the pole 443 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 426 to each of the four throws 445, 447, 449 and 451, and by selectively connecting the pole 453 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 428 to each of the four throws 455, 457, 459 and 461, the multi-state transfer standard 312' will generate the plurality of conditions necessary for calculating the two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions will be generated with the first port 415 and the second port 417, of the multi-state transfer standard, coupled together.

Alternatively, by connecting the pole 483 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430 to the second throw 489, by selectively connecting the pole 415 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 426 to each of the four throws 445, 447, 449 and 451, and by selectively connecting the pole 463 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 430 to each of the four throws 465, 467, 469 and 471, each of the plurality of conditions will be generated that are necessary to calculate the full two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112 with the first port 415 and the third port 419, of the multi-state transfer standard, coupled together.

Still alternatively, by connecting the pole 483 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 430 to the third throw 485, by selectively connecting the pole 443 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 426 to each of the four-throws 445, 447, 449 and 451, and by selectively connecting the pole 473 of the single-pole, four-throw switch 432 to each of the four throws 475, 477, 479 and 481, the multi-state transfer standard 312' will generate each of the plurality conditions necessary to calculate the full two-port, twelve-term error correction model of the VNA 112. The plurality of conditions will be generated with the first port 415 and the fourth-port 421 coupled together. Therefore, the twelve-term error correction coefficients of the VNA 112 with the first port 415 and the second port 417, with the first port 415 and the third port 419, as well as with the first port 415 and a fourth port 421 of the multi-state transfer standard coupled together, can be calculated using equations (1) through (12) and the steps described above.

Once the two-port, twelve-term error correction coefficients have been calculated for the VNA 112 between the first port 415 and the second port 417, between the first port 415 and the third port 419, and between the first port 415 and the fourth port 421, the test 310' and the multi-state transfer standard 312' are configured in two additional configurations.

Referring to FIG. 19, in a fourth configuration, the pole 483 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 430 is connected to the throw 489 so that the first port 415 and the third port 419, of the multi-state transfer standard 312', are connected together. In addition, the pole 437, of the single-pole, double-throw switch 418 is connected to the throw 441 so that the source 422 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L3) is coupled to the third port 419 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. The source 422 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L3) is run through a plurality of reflection coefficients which are measured by the two-port VNA 112 at the first port 415 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. It is to be appreciated that the configurations of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 and the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 are irrelevant to this step of the calibration and that each of the possibilities for these switches is intended to be covered by the present invention.

The reflection coefficients Γ_(L3) measured at the first port 415 are then translated to the third port 419 of the multi-state transfer standard 312' into reflection coefficients Γ₃. This translation from the first port 415 to the third port 419 is done by mapping of the measured reflection coefficients Γ_(L3), at the first port 415 through the two-port S-parameters between the first port 415 and the third port 419.

Alternatively, in a fifth configuration, the pole 483 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 430 is connected to the throw 485 so that the first port 415 and the fourth port 421, of the multi-state transfer standard 312', are connected together. In addition, the pole 431 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 is connected to the throw 433 so that the source 420 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L4), is coupled to the fourth port 421 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. The source 420 of the reflection coefficients Γ_(L4), is then run through a plurality of reflection coefficients which are measured by the two-port VNA 112 at the first port 415 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. It is to be appreciated that the connections of the single-pole, double-throw switch 418 and the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 are irrelevant to this step of the calibration and that each of the possibilities for the switches is intended to be covered by the present invention.

The reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) measured at the first port 415 are then translated to the fourth port 421 of the multi-state transfer standard 312' into reflection coefficients Γ₄. This translation to the fourth port 421 is done by mapping the measured reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) at the first port 415 through the two-port S-parameters between the first port 415 and the fourth port 421.

In addition, in each of the above fourth and fifth configurations, the multi-state transfer standard 312' and the four-port test set 310' are respectively configured so that the pole 423 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is switched to throws 429 and 425. In each of these configurations, the throw 427 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 414 presents a reflection coefficient to the second port 417 of the multi-state transfer standard 312'. In a preferred embodiment of the four-port test set 310', the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is an absorptive-type switch so that a matched load is presented by the throw 427 when the pole 423 is coupled to either of throws 429 and 425. In either of these configurations, the reflection coefficient presented by the throw 427 is measured at the first port 415 with the two-port VNA 112. The measured reflection coefficient at the first port 415, is translated from the first port 415 to the second port 417, into reflection coefficient Γ₂. This translation is done by mapping the measured reflection coefficient through the S-parameters between the first port 415 and the second port 417. The four-port multi-state transfer standard 312' has now been characterized and is disconnected from each of the ports 405, 407, 409 and 411 of the four-port test set 310'.

Referring to FIG. 21, a four-port DUT 434, to be measured, is connected to the four-port test set 310'. In particular, a first port 491, a second port 493, a third port 495 and a fourth port 497 of the DUT 434 are connected to respective ports 405, 409, 411 and 407 of the four-port test set 310'. The DUT can be fully characterized by this single connection of each of its ports to the four-port test set 310'. In particular, the four-port test set 310' is then configured into three alternative configurations, to be described below, without additional connections or disconnections to either of the DUT 434 or the four-port test set 310'.

In a first of the three alternative configurations, the pole 427 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is coupled to the throw 427 so as to connect the second port 493 of the DUT 434 to the second port of the VNA 112. In addition the pole 431 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 is connected to the throw 433 so as to couple the source 420 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) to the fourth port 497 of the DUT 434. Further, the pole 437 of the single pole, double-throw switch 418, is connected to the throw 441 so as to couple the source 422 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L3) to the third port 495 of the DUT 434. Each respective source 420 and 422 of the reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) and Γ_(L3) are cycled through the plurality of reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) and Γ_(L3) to present the plurality of reflection coefficients Γ₄ and Γ₃, calculated as described above, to each of the fourth-port 497 and the third port 495, respectively, of the DUT 434. In addition, the two-port S-parameters between the first port 491 and the second port 493 of the DUT 434, are measured with the VNA 112 for each of the plurality of reflection coefficients Γ₄ and Γ₃ presented at each of the fourth port 497 and the third port 495 of the DUT 434.

Referring to FIG. 22, there is illustrated a flow graph of the four-port DUT 434 with the third port 495 and the fourth port 497 terminated with reflection coefficients Γ₃ and Γ₄, respectively. Using a flow graph analysis, the measured S-parameters S_(11'), S_(12'), S_(21') and S_(22') can be represented equations (36) through (39).

    S.sub.11 =S.sub.11 +Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.31 S.sub.13 -S.sub.11 S.sub.33)+Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.41 S.sub.14 -S.sub.11 S.sub.44)+S.sub.11 Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.33)+S.sub.11 Γ4(S.sub.44)+S.sub.11 Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.33 S.sub.44)+Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.11 S.sub.33 S.sub.44 -S.sub.11 S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.41 S.sub.14 S.sub.33 -S.sub.31 S.sub.44 +S.sub.41 S.sub.34 S.sub.13)                              (36)

    S.sub.12 =S.sub.12 +Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.13 S.sub.32 -S.sub.12 S.sub.33)+Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.14 S.sub.42 -S.sub.12 S.sub.44)+S.sub.12 Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.33)+S.sub.12 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.44)+S.sub.12 Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.33 S.sub.44)+Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.12 S.sub.33 S.sub.44 -S.sub.12 S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.42 S.sub.14 33-S.sub.13 S.sub.32 S.sub.44 +S.sub.32 S.sub.43 S.sub.14)                     (37)

    S.sub.21 =S.sub.21 +Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.31 S.sub.23 -S.sub.21 S.sub.33)+Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.41 S.sub.24 -S.sub.21 S.sub.33)+Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.41 S.sub.24 -S.sub.21 S.sub.44)+S.sub.21 Γ3(S.sub.33)+S.sub.21 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.44)+S.sub.21 Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.33 S.sub.44)+Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.21 S.sub.33 S.sub.44 -S.sub.21 S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.41 S.sub.24 S.sub.33 -S.sub.31 S.sub.23 S.sub.44 +S.sub.31 S.sub.43 S.sub.24)                     (38)

    S.sub.22 =S.sub.22 Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.32 S.sub.23 -S.sub.22 S.sub.33)+Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.42 S.sub.24 -S.sub.22 S.sub.44)+S.sub.22 Γ.sub.3 (S.sub.33)+S.sub.22 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.44)+S.sub.22 Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.33 S.sub.44)+Γ.sub.3 Γ.sub.4 (S.sub.22 S.sub.33 S.sub.44 -S.sub.22 S.sub.34 S.sub.43 -S.sub.42 S.sub.24 S.sub.33 -S.sub.32 S.sub.23 S.sub.44 +S.sub.32 S.sub.43 S.sub.24)                     (39)

The values S'₁₁, S'₁₂ S'₂₁, and S'₂₂ are known from the measurements, with the VNA 112, of the DUT 434 at the first port 491 and the second port 493. In addition, the value of the reflection coefficients Γ₃ presented to the third port 495 of the DUT 434 and the value of the reflection coefficients Γ₄ presented to the fourth port 497 of the DUT 434 are known from the above described calibration procedure. Thus, there are 19 unknown terms which are the scattering parameters S₁₁, S₁₂, S₂₁, S₂₂, S₃₃ and S₄₄ as well as transmission multiplication terms S₁₃ S₃₁, S₁₃ S₃₂, S₂₃ S₃₁, S₂₃ S₃₂, S₁₄ S₄₁, S₁₄ S₄₂, S₂₄ S₄₁, S₂₄ S₄₂, S₃₄ S₄₃, S₁₃ S₃₄ S₄₁, S₁₄ S₃₂ S₄₃, S₂₄ S₄₃ S₃₁ and S₂₄ S₄₃ S₃₂. By providing at least seven known reflection coefficients Γ₃ at the third port 495 and seven known reflection coefficients Γ₄ at the fourth port 497 of the DUT 434, 28 equations with 19 unknown terms are provided. Accordingly, the 19 unknown terms can be calculated from the 28 equations. Six of the terms are the scattering parameters of the flow graph model of the DUT.

In a second of the three alternative configurations, the four-port test set is configured so that the second port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the fourth port 495 of the DUT 434. In particular, the pole 431 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 is connected to the throw 435 and the pole 423 of the single-pole, three-throw switch 414 is connected to the throw 425. In addition, as discussed above, the first port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the first port 491 of the DUT 434. Further, the pole 437 of the single-pole double-throw switch 418 is connected to the throw 441 so as to couple the source 422 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L3) to the third port 495 of the DUT 434. Using a flow graph analysis on the four-port flow graph of FIG. 22, with the reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port 493 of the DUT, the transmission coefficient S'₁₄ of the DUT 434 between the first port 491 and the fourth port 497 is given by equation (40), where A, B, E and F are defined by equations (41) through (44). ##EQU17##

    A=1-S.sub.22 Γ.sub.2                                 (41)

    B=S.sub.22 S.sub.33 Γ.sub.2 -S.sub.23 S.sub.32 Γ.sub.2- S.sub.33(42)

    E=S.sub.12 Γ.sub.2                                   (43)

    F=S.sub.23 S.sub.13 Γ.sub.2 -S.sub.12 S.sub.33 Γ.sub.2(44)

For this configuration, the reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port 493 of the DUT 434 is the reflection coefficient of the single-pole, three-throw switch 414 in the match condition, as calculated measured in the calibration procedure described above. Therefore, the value of Γ₂ is known. Further, the value S'₁₄, is known from the measurement of the DUT 434 at the first port 491 and the fourth port 497. Thus, by knowing a minimum of the three values of Γ₃ presented by the source 422 of reflection coefficients at the third port 495 of the DUT 434 and measuring S'₁₄ the terms of S₁₄, S₂₄ and S₃₄ S₁₃ can be calculated from three equations having three unknowns. Further, from the transmission multiplication terms S₄₁ S₁₄ and S₂₄ S₄₂, calculated above in the first configuration, the values of S₄₁ and S₄₂ can be solved for. Thus, 10 of the 16 terms of the flow graph model of FIG. 22 have now been solved for.

In a third configuration the four-port test set 310' is configured so that the second port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the third port 495 of the DUT 434. In particular, the pole 437 of the single-pole double-throw switch 418 is connected to the throw 439 and the pole 423 of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 is connected to the throw 429. As discussed above, the first port of the VNA 112 is coupled to the first port 491 of the DUT 434. Further, the pole 431 of the single-pole, double-throw switch 416 is connected to the throw 433 so as to couple the source 420 of reflection coefficients Γ_(L4) to the fourth port 497 of the DUT 434. Using a flow graph analysis on the four-port flow graph of FIG. 22, with a reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port of the DUT the transmission coefficient S'₁₃ of the DUT 434 between the first port 491 and the third port 495 is given by equation (45) where G, C and D are given by equations (46) through (48). ##EQU18## where,

    G=S.sub.12 S.sub.44 Γ.sub.2                          (46)

    C=S.sub.22 S.sub.44 Γ.sub.2 -S.sub.24 S.sub.42 Γ.sub.2 -S.sub.44(47)

    D=S.sub.14 -S.sub.22 Γ.sub.2 S.sub.14 +S.sub.24 S.sub.12 Γ.sub.2(48)

For this configuration, the reflection coefficient Γ₂ provided to the second port 493 of the DUT 434 is the impedance of the single-pole, triple-throw switch 414 in the matched condition, as measured in the calibration procedure described above. Therefore, the value of Γ₂ is known. In addition, the value S'₁₃ is known from the measurements of the DUT 434 at the first port 491 and the third port 495. By providing a minimum of three different values of Γ₄, calculated as described above at the fourth port 497 of the DUT 434 and measuring S'₁₃, the values S₁₃, S₂₃ and S₄₃ can be calculated from three equations having three unknowns. Further, from the transmission multiplication terms S₃₁ S₁₃, S₃₂ S₁₃ and S₃₄ S₄₃, computed in the first step of the measurements described above, the terms S₃₁, S₃₂ and S₃₄ can be calculated. Thus, all 16 of the S-parameters of the four-port flow graph model of FIG.22 can be calculated using the steps described above.

In the methods as described above, the scattering coefficients S_(11A), S_(21A), S_(22A), and S_(12A) must be measured, at a metrology laboratory for all possible conditions to be presented by the MSETS, during the original characterization of the MSETS. However, there is an alternative method, described infra, wherein these scattering coefficients need not be known, for all of the conditions to be presented by the MSETS, in order to compute the two-ports systematic errors of the VNA. In contrast, it is possible to initially characterize only three reflection coefficients, to be presented by the MSETS to each port of the VNA, and to compute all of the systematic error coefficients of the VNA.

Referring now to FIG. 23, the two-port errors of the VNA can be modeled by the scattering matrices 200 and 202. The variables of the error scattering matrices are described in equation 49. ##EQU19##

Where:

e₁ ⁰⁰, e₂ ⁰⁰ are directly of Port 1 and Port 2

e₁ ¹¹,e₂ ¹¹ are source match of Port 1 and Port 2

e₁ ⁰¹ e₁ ¹⁰, e₂ ⁰¹ e₂ ¹⁰ are reflection tracking of Port 1 and Port 2

An uncorrected transmission matrix T_(m) of the through state of the MSETS and a transmission matrix for the actual through state T_(A) of the MSETS are as described in Equation 50.

    T.sub.m =K T.sub.1 T.sub.A T.sub.2.sup.-1                  (50)

Where ##EQU20##

    t.sub.11 =e.sub.1.sup.01 e.sub.1.sup.10, t.sub.22 =e.sub.2.sup.01 e.sub.2.sup.10, Δ.sub.1 =e.sub.1.sup.00 e.sub.1 .sup.11 -e.sub.1.sup.10 e.sub.1.sup.01 and Δ.sub.2 =e.sub.2.sup.00 e.sub.2.sup.11 -e.sub.2.sup.10 e.sub.2.sup.01

Transmission matrices T₁ and T₂ can be calculated from the three known reflection coefficients presented by the MSETS to each port of the VNA. Due to the reciprocity of the MSETS, the transmission matrix T_(A) has a unitary determinant. Therefore, Equation 50 can be written as: ##EQU21## Using Equation 16 and the boundary condition described above, the correct value of K can be determined without the need to know the electrical length of the through connection. The actual scattering matrix T_(A) of the MSETS operating in the through state can now be calculated from Equation 52.

    T.sub.A =K.sup.-1 T.sub.1.sup.-1 T.sub.m T.sub.2           (52)

Defining P=T₁ ⁻¹ T_(m) T₂, the actual scattering matrix of the through connection (S_(Thru)) is calculated from Equation 53. ##EQU22##

Where ##EQU23## and ΔP=P₁₁ P_(22-P) ₁₂ P₂₁

Accordingly, the two-port systematic errors of a VNA can be calculated, by presenting only three known reflection coefficients, by the MSETS, to each port of the VNA. No additional knowledge of the transmission or reflection coefficients of the MSETS presented to the VNA (e.g. the through condition) is needed to fully characterize the two-port systematic errors of the VNA. The advantage of this method is that only six measurements of the MSETS, need be made by an operator at a metrology laboratory during the initial characterization of the MSETS. This reduces the number of measurements that need to be made as well as the amount of data that needs to be stored. In addition, this method lends itself to a simpler insertible and non-insertible calibration and therefore to a faster calibration process.

The MSETS embodiments described above are used for calibrating a two-port VNA. However, there also exists a need to measure devices 210 with a plurality of ports 214, 216, 218, 220, 222 and 224, with a multiport network analyzer 112' as shown in FIG. 24. Accordingly, there is also a need to characterize the systematic errors of the multiport network analyzer 112' (MNA). In FIG. 25, there is shown a block diagram of a multiport, multi-state electronic transfer standard 212 (MMETS) for calibrating the systematic errors of the MNA. An advantage of the MMETS is that there is no longer a need to connect multiple mechanical primary standards to each port 214, 216, 218, 220, 222 and 224 of the MNA. Instead a one-time connection may be established between each one of a plurality of ports 230, 232, 234, 236, 238 and 240 of the MMETS and each one of the plurality of the ports 214, 216, 218, 220, 222 and 224 of the MNA. The systematic errors of the MNA may then be determined by analyzing the MNA as a series of two-port VNA's.

Referring now to FIG. 26, there is shown two-port pairs of error matrices 242 and 244, 246 and 248, 250 and 252 of the MNA for determining the systematic errors of the MNA. As discussed above, one need only present three known reflection coefficients of the MMETS 212 to each port 214, 216, 218, 220, 222 and 224 of the MNA, for a total of six known reflection coefficients for each two-port pair, in order to compute all the systematic errors of the MNA. Accordingly, any DUT having any number of ports can be measured by a MNA after calibrating the MNA with the MMETS.

In all of the methods and embodiments described above, once the MSETS has been measured on a VNA by a metrology laboratory, it is used as a calibration standard by other vector network analyzers. Accordingly, it is desirable that the MSETS continue to reproduce the same conditions at its ports that were measured by the metrology laboratory.

Therefore, in accordance with a specific embodiment of the present invention, a heater is provided within the MSETS to insure long term temperature stability of the electronic circuitry of the present invention. In accordance with the preferred embodiment, the temperature is fixed at a temperature of 45° C. using a heating element located within a box or other enclosure for the circuitry (not shown).

An additional feature of the present invention is that the MSETS can be used to perform a high-power calibration of a VNA, using the embodiment disclosed in pending application Ser. No. 07/898,204 herein incorporated by reference.

An additional feature of the MSETS, according to the invention, is that it can also be used as a verification or accreditation device with other instruments, in addition to a VNA, because of its known characteristics. For example, this device can be used to verify the accuracy of a power meter by connecting the insertable MSETS between a power source and the power meter, stepping the insertable MSETS through known attenuation values and reading the power meter to see if the power meter reading reflects a change in power according to a known attenuation presented by the MSETS.

Still another application of the MSETS of the present invention is that the MSETS can be used to monitor changes in any RF instrumentation, over a period of time. For example, the systematic errors of the VNA can be monitored for a period of time and can be used as an indication of a status of the VNA. More specifically, the MSETS of the present invention can be periodically used to monitor the systematic errors of the VNA and the calculated error coefficients can be statistically analyzed to monitor the operability of the VNA and to detect whether any problems are developing with the VNA. This data can be collected in numerous ways. For example, an operator can collect the data over a telephone line, utilizing a computer having a modem tied into the MSETS, thereby allowing the VNA to be monitored without even having to be on-site where the VNA is located. The advantage of this feature is that a manufacturer of the VNA can utilize an MSETS as a diagnostic and preventative maintenance tool thereby enabling problems to be detected as they occur and minimizing downtime of any VNA, for example, in production lines where any lost time is critical. Alternatively, the collection of data need not be by a remote operator but rather can be in-house as part of a routine maintenance program.

Referring now to FIG. 27, there is shown a flow diagram of a method of controlling and calibrating the VNA. First, the user inputs frequencies for which a measurement of the DUT is to be performed into a computer 16, as shown in FIG. 5 (Step 28). The frequencies are then correlated (Step 30) with the frequencies of the premeasured insertable calibration network to determine at which frequencies the calibration should be performed. Next the VNA is set up (Step 32) by loading the frequencies into the VNA in order to perform the calibration. Then the measurement of the MSETS is performed (Step 34), according to the methods described above. Once the measurements are finished, the error terms of the error model are computed (Step 36). These error terms are then used to interpolate to the appropriate frequencies for the DUT to be measured (Step 38). The VNA is then restored to its initial condition (Step 40) so that the MSETS can be disconnected and the DUT can be connected for measurement.

In one embodiment, the control routine is provided by a computer 16 (FIG. 5) having interconnections with the insertable MSETS 14 and VNA 12. For example, a Model 8510 Hewlett-Packard network analyzer is used and the computer is interconnected via line 18 to a standard port using a IEEE-488 standard connector. However, as noted above, the control routine and computer functions can be incorporated directly into the two-port MSETS 14, or can be provided to the VNA 12 separately.

Another application of the MSETS of the present invention is that it can be placed inside the VNA test set in order to derive a self-calibrating circuit 48 for a VNA. Referring to FIG. 28, two essentially identical MSETS' 50 and 52 are placed after the couplers 54, 55, 56 and 57 of the VNA and are controlled to present reflections coefficients to PORT 1 and PORT 2 of the VNA test set. Alternatively, the MSETS' can be placed before the couplers 54, 55, 56 and 57 of the VNA. With this embodiment, it is possible to calibrate the two MSETS' once and thereafter to use the two MSETS' as a self-calibrating VNA. Thus, it is possible to initially characterize the self-calibrating VNA, and then thereafter it is possible to self-calibrate the VNA each time that the VNA is to be used simply by making a through-connection between PORTS 1 and 2 of the self-calibrating VNA.

The self-calibrating VNA embodiment is particularly useful as a flexible network analyzer to be used to measure a DUT on any media which is particularly difficult to calibrate. For example, the self-calibrating VNA can be used to calibrate the VNA for on-wafer measurements by simply placing on-wafer probes, which are coupled to the ports of the VNA, on a through portion of a calibration standard and running the VNA through the self-calibration routine described below. Thus the self-calibrating VNA can be used to eliminate the tedious, and often very difficult, task of calibrating the VNA for on-wafer and fixture measurements.

Referring to FIG. 28, the initial calibration procedure to characterize the self-calibrating VNA is accomplished by performing a calibration at the device reference plane 58. This is accomplished by reverse-biasing all of the PIN diodes in each MSETS in order to establish a low-loss condition through each MSETS. The signal from signal source 68 may then be presented to PORT 1 by selecting the appropriate position of switch 62. The PIN diodes of the output MSETS are forward-biased in order to step through different impedances. The reflection coefficients resulting from the Various impedances presented by the output MSETS 52 are measured at the device reference plane 58 thereby characterizing the output MSETS 52.

Similarly, the input MSETS 50 is characterized by reverse-biasing all of the PIN diodes of the output MSETS, by switching the position of switch 62 to send the RF signal to PORT 2, and by stepping the PIN diodes of the input MSETS 50 through Various impedances and measuring the reflection coefficients at the device reference plane 58.

Once the self-calibrating VNA has been initially characterized, as per the calibration steps described above, the MSETS' can then be stepped through Various impedances according to the steps described below to self-calibrate the VNA, without the need for making numerous connections or disconnections to PORTS 1 or 2 of the VNA or the need for human intervention. The steps of a self-calibration procedure of a self-calibrating VNA, as initially characterized above, are as follows according to one embodiment:

(1) Establish a through-connection between PORTS 1 and 2 of the VNA; (2) determine the directivity EDF, source match ESF and reflection tracking ERF error terms at PORT 1 by measuring three impedances presented by the output MSETS 52 and (3) compute the error terms based upon the known initial values of these impedances S_(11A) and utilizing Equation 2, as described above.

Then, (4) determine the directivity EDR, source match ESR and reflection tracking ERR error terms at PORT 2 by measuring the reflection coefficients presented at the device reference plane 58 by stepping the input MSETS through its various known impedances as characterized initially and utilizing Equation 4 to compute the error terms, as described above.

Then, (5) determine forward ELF and reverse ELR load match error terms by reverse-biasing all of the PIN diodes of both the input and output MSETS' and utilizing Equations 9 and 10 as discussed above. In Equations 9 and 10, S_(11A) =S_(22A) =0 and S_(21A) =S_(12A) =1 since there is now a through-connection between the ports of the VNA instead of an MSETS.

Next, (6) measure the forward S_(21M) and reverse S_(22M) transmission coefficients, with all of the PIN diodes in both MSETS' reverse-biased. All the parameters in Equations 11 and 12 are now known, with the exception of forward isolation EXF and reverse isolation EXR. It is customary, in the art of present network analyzers, to not bother calculating the error terms EXF and EXR and not to bother measuring isolation conditions between PORTS 1 and 2 of the VNA. Therefore, the terms EXF and EXR can be set to zero, and the forward transmission tracking ETF and the reverse transmission tracking ETR coefficients can be calculated utilizing equations 11 and 12.

Alternatively, an isolation measurement between PORTS 1 and 2 can be made by disconnecting the through-connection between PORTS 1 and 2 and reverse biasing, all of the PIN diodes of the input and output MSETS'. The error terms EXF and EXR can then be calculated utilizing Equations 7 and 8 as discussed previously. With the error terms EXF and EXR known, the error terms ETF and ETR can be calculated utilizing Equations 11 and 12. Thus, all of the error terms can be calculated with the embodiment as shown in FIG. 28. In addition, since the cable between PORTS 1 and 2 should be disconnected in order to make the DUT measurements, no extra steps are needed with the technique described above.

FIG. 29 is an alternate embodiment of a self-calibrating circuit 60 for a VNA which can be utilized in the same manner as described above with respect to the embodiment in FIG. 28, except that the initial calibration utilizing the conventional calibration technique is performed with single-pole, double-throw switches 64 and 66 configured such that PORT 1 and PORT 2 of the VNA are connected to the throws 63 and 65, which are, themselves connected to the cabling 67 from the signal source 68. Each of the input and output MSETS' 72 and 70 respectively are connected to ground 27 via matched termination R having a value of 50 Ohms. Thereafter the self-calibration routine can be performed using the steps described above where the single-pole, double-throw switches will be connected to the MSETS which is being utilized to establish the known impedances. In other words, throw 73 of single-pole, double-throw switch 62 is connected to the signal source 68, while pole 65 of single-pole, double-throw switch 64 is connected to (throw 75) the output MSETS 70 to characterize the output MSETS network 70. Similarly, throw 73 of single-pole, double-throw switch 62 is connected to the signal source 68 while pole 63 of single-pole, double-throw switch 66 is connected to (throw 77) the input MSETS 72 to characterize the input MSETS 72. Thereafter, the self-calibration routine is performed utilizing the steps described above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 28.

Having now described the foregoing embodiments of the invention, it should be clear to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. Numerous modifications and other embodiments are within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the art and are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the pending claims in equivalents thereto and this description should be taken only by way of example. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for multiplexing a two-port RF, microwave, or millimeter wave vector network analyzer into N-ports, where N is at least three ports and for characterizing S-parameters of an N-port device under test, the apparatus comprising:a test set that multiplexess the two-port vector network analyzer into the N-ports, the test set having a first port adapted to be coupled to a first port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a second port adapted to be coupled to a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer, and N-ports, the test set including:a means for selectively coupling one of the N-ports to the second port of the test set, the means for selectively coupling providing a first reflection coefficient to one port of the N-ports of the test set; and N-2 sources of reflection coefficents, each source of the N-2 sources of reflection coefficient providing a plurality of reflection coefficients to one port of the N-ports of the test set; the apparatus further comprising a multi-state transfer standard having N-ports, each of the N-ports of the multistate transfer standard adapted to be coupled to a respective one of the N-ports of the test set, the multi-state transfer standard providing, at each of the N-ports a plurality of conditions necessary to calculate N-1 sets of two-port error coefficients to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer and the test set; and wherein-the first reflection coefficient, the plurality of reflection coefficient and the N-1 sets of two-port error coefficients are used to characterize the S-parameters of the device under test.
 2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multi-state transfer standard further comprises a single-pole, N-1 throw switch having the single-pole coupled to a first of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, and each throw of the N-1 throws, being coupled, respectively, to a corresponding one of a remaining ports of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, the single-pole, N-1 throw switch selectively coupling the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to one of the remaining N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard.
 3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein each source of the N-2 sources of reflection coefficients has an output coupled, by the means for selectively coupling, to one of the N-ports of the test set.
 4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the multi-state transfer standard further comprises:N single-pole, four-throw switches, each single-pole, four-throw switch having a pole coupled to a corresponding one of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, and each single-pole, four-throw switch having a first throw coupled to a short circuit impedance, a second throw coupled to an open circuit impedance, a third throw coupled to a matched load impedance, and a fourth throw coupled to a corresponding throw of the single-pole, N-1 throw switch.
 5. A method for multiplexing a two-port RF, microwave, or millimeter wave vector network analyzer into N-ports, wherein N is at least three ports and characterizing S-parameters of an N-port device under test, the two-port vector network analyzer having a first port and a second port, wherein the first port is coupled to a first port of a test set and the second port is coupled to a second port of the test set, the test set further comprising the N-ports and a circuit that selectively couples one of the N-ports to the second port of the test set, the method comprising the steps of:interfacing each of the N-ports of the test set with a corresponding port of an N-port multi-state transfer standard; generating a plurality of conditions with the multistate transfer standard at each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, as necessary to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the plurality of conditions; calculating N-1 sets of two-port calibration coefficients of the vector network analyzer based upon the measurements of the plurality of conditions; generating a first reflection coefficient, with the test set, at one port of the N-ports of the test set; generating a plurality of reflection coefficients, with the test set, at N-2 ports of the N ports of the test set; measuring the first reflection coefficient and the plurality of reflection coefficient at the first port of the test set, with the vector network analyzer; and wherein the first reflection coefficient, the plurality of reflection coefficients and the N-1 sets of two-port error coefficient are used to characterize the S-parameters of the N-port device under test.
 6. The method as claimed in claimed in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:disconnecting the N-port multi-state transfer standard from each of N-port of the test set; coupling the N-port device under test to the test set, each of the N-ports being coupled to a corresponding one of the N-ports of the test set; providing at least one reflection coefficient to N-1 ports of the device under test; measuring, with the network analyzer, a plurality of S-parameters of the device under test with the at least one reflection coefficients being presented to the N-1 ports of the device under test; and deriving the S-parameters of the device under test.
 7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the step of generating the first reflection coefficient, generating the plurality of refection coefficients, and the step measuring the first reflection coefficient and the plurality of reflection coefficient include:providing the plurality of reflection coefficients to the N-2 ports of the test set; measuring, with the network analyzer, the plurality of reflection coefficients at a first port of the multi-state transfer standard; translating the measured plurality of reflection coefficients from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to a corresponding N-2ports of the multi-state transfer standard; providing the first reflection coefficient to a correspondance port of the multi-state transfer standard; measuring, with the network analyzer, the reflection coefficient at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard; and translating the reflection coefficient from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to the corresponding port of the multi-state transfer standard.
 8. An apparatus for multiplexing a two-port RF, microwave, or millimeter wave vector network analyzer into three ports and for calibrating the three ports, the apparatus comprising:a test set that multiplexes the vector network analyzer into the three ports having a first port adapted to be coupled to a first port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a second port coupled to a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a third port, a fourth port and a fifth port, the test set including a means for selectively coupling one of the fourth port and the fifth port of the test set to the second port of the test set and a source of reflection coefficients having an output coupled, by the means for selectively coupling, to the fourth port of the test set, the source of reflection coefficients providing a plurality of reflection coefficients to the fourth port of the test set and the means for selectively coupling providing at least one reflection coefficient to the fifth port of the test set, so as to characterize the test set; and a multi-state transfer standing having a first port, a second port and a third port, the first port, the second port and the third port of the multi-state transfer standard adapted to be coupled to the third port, the fourth port and the fifth port of the test set, respectively, the multi-state transfer standard providing to each of the first port, the second port and the third port of the multi-state transfer standard a plurality of conditions as necessary to calculate two sets of two-port calibration coefficients to calibrate the vector network analyzer and the test set.
 9. An apparatus for multiplexing a two-port RF, microwave, or millimeter wave vector network analyzer into four ports and for calibrating the four ports, the apparatus comprising:a test set that multiplexes the two-port vector network analyzer into the four ports having a first port adapted to be coupled to a first port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a second port adapted to be coupled to a second port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a third port, a fourth port, a fifth port, and a sixth port, the test set including a means for selectively coupling one of the fourth port, the fifth port and the sixth port of the test set to the second port of the test set, a first source of reflection coefficients and a second source of reflection coefficients, the first source of reflection coefficients having an output coupled, by the means for selectively coupling, to the fourth port of the test set and the second source of reflection coefficients having an output coupled, by the means for selectively coupling, to the sixth port of the test set, the first source of reflection coefficients, the second source of reflection coefficients, and the means for selectively coupling providing at least one reflection coefficient to each of the fourth port, the fifth port and the sixth port of the test set so as to characterize the test set; and a multi-state transfer standing having a first port, a second port, a third port and a fourth port, each of the first port, the second port, the third port and the fourth port adapted to be coupled to the third port, the fourth port, the fifth port and the six port of the test set, respectively, the multi-state transfer standard providing at each of the first port, the second port, the third port and the fourth port of the multi-state transfer standard a plurality of conditions as necessary to calculate three sets of two-port calibration coefficients to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer and the test set.
 10. An apparatus for multiplexing a two-port RF, microwave, or millimeter wave vector network analyzer into N-ports, wherein N is at least three ports, the apparatus comprising:the two-port vector network analyzer having a first port and a second port; a test set that multiplexes the two-port vector network analyzer into N-ports having a first port coupled to the first port of the two-port vector network analyzer, a second port coupled to the second port of the two-port vector network analyzer, and N-ports, the test set including:a means for selectively coupling one of the N-ports of the test set to the second port of the test set; and N-2 sources of reflection coefficients, each source of the N-2 sources of reflection coefficients having an output coupled, by the means for selectively coupling, to one of the N-ports of the test set, that provides a plurality of reflection coefficients to the one port of the N-ports of the test set; the apparatus further comprising a multi-state transfer standard having N-ports, each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard adapted to be coupled to a respective one of the N-ports of the test set, the multi-state transfer standard providing, at each of the N-ports of the multi-state transfer standard, a plurality of conditions necessary to calculate N-1 sets of two-port error coefficients to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer and the test set; and wherein the first reflection coefficient, the plurality of reflection coefficients and the N-1 sets of two-port error coefficients are used to characterize N² S-parameters of an N-port device under test.
 11. A method for multiplexing a two-port vector network analyzer into three ports and for calibrating the three ports, the two-port vector network analyzer having a first port and a second port, wherein the first port is coupled to a first port of a test set and the second port is coupled to a second port of the test set, the test set further comprising a third port, a fourth port, a fifth port and a circuit that selectively couples one of the third port, the fourth port and the fifth port to the second port of the test set, the method comprising the steps of:interfacing each of the third port, the fourth port and the fifth port of the test set with a corresponding port of a three port multi-state transfer standard; generating a plurality of conditions with the multi-state transfer standard at each of the three ports of the multi-state transfer standard as necessary to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the plurality of conditions; calculating two sets of two-port calibration coefficients of the vector network analyzer based upon the measurements of the plurality of conditions; providing a plurality of reflection coefficients with the test set to the fourth port of the test set; measuring, with the vector network analyzer, the plurality of reflection coefficients at a first port of the multi-state transfer standard; transfer standard; translating the measured plurality of reflection coefficients from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to a third port of the multi-state transfer standard; providing a reflection coefficient with the test set to the second port of the multi-state transfer standard; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, a reflection coefficient at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard; translating the reflection coefficient from the first port to the second port of multi-state transfer standard; and calculating calibration coefficients of the third port, the fourth port, and the fifth port of the test set based upon the measurements of the plurality of reflection coefficients, the reflection coefficient, and the two sets of two-port calibration coefficients of the two-port vector network analyzer.
 12. A method for multiplexing a two-port vector network analyzer into four ports and for calibrating the four ports, the two-port vector network analyzer having a first port coupled to a first port of a test set and a second port coupled to a second port of the test set, the test set further comprising a third port, a fourth port, a fifth port, a sixth port, and a circuit that selectively couples one of the fourth port, the fifth port, and the sixth port to the second port of the test set, the method comprising the steps of:interfacing each of the third port, the fourth port, the fifth port and the sixth port with a first port, a third port, a second port and a fourth port of a four-port multi-state transfer standard; generating a plurality of conditions with the multi-state transfer standard at each of the first port, the second port, the third port and the fourth port as necessary to calibrate the two-port vector network analyzer; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the plurality of conditions; calculating three sets of two-port calibration coefficients of the vector network analyzer based upon the measurements of the plurality of conditions; generating, with the test set, a first plurality of reflection coefficients to the third port of the multi-state transfer standard; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the first plurality of reflection coefficients at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard; translating the measured first plurality of reflection coefficients from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to the third port of the multi-state transfer standard; generating, with the test set, a second plurality of reflection coefficients to the fourth port of the multi-state transfer standard; measuring, with the network analyzer, the second plurality of reflection coefficients at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard; translating the measured second plurality of reflection coefficients from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to the fourth port of the multi-state transfer standard; providing, with the test set, a reflection coefficient to the second port of the multi-state transfer standard; measuring, with the two-port vector network analyzer, the reflection coefficient at the first port of the multi-state transfer standard; translating the reflection coefficient from the first port of the multi-state transfer standard to the second port of the multi-state transfer standard; and calculating calibration coefficients of the third port, the fourth port, the fifth port and the sixth port of the test set based upon the measurements of the first plurality of reflection coefficients, the second plurality of reflection coefficients, the reflection coefficient, and the three sets of two-port calibration coefficients of the vector network analyzer. 